Jiten beta

indicates possessive ; nominalizes verbs and adjectives ; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases ; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion ; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis ; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

中(うち)

x30 | Rank #119

inside; within ; while (e.g. one is young); during; within (e.g. a day); in the course of ; among; amongst; (out) of; between ; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.); amidst; with (e.g. success) ; within oneself; one's feelings; inner thoughts ; we; our company; our organization ; one's home; one's family ; my spouse; my husband; my wife ; signed on behalf of (husband's name) by his wife ; I; me

には

x77 | Rank #37

to; for; on; in; at ; in order to; for ; as for; regarding ; while it is (was) the case that ...; indeed ... (but); certainly ... (but)

舞(ぶ)台(たい)

x3 | Rank #2,152

stage (of a theatre, concert hall, etc.); (stage) performance ; setting (of a story); scene ; sphere (of activity); stage (e.g. political stage); scene; arena; world

とする

x3 | Rank #649

to try to ...; to be about to do ... ; to decide to ... ; to take as; to treat as; to regard as ; to use for ; to suppose that (such) is the case; to assume ; to decide that; to think that ; to make into; to change into ; to feel (e.g. after sound symbolism or psychological experience word); to look; to feel like ; to intend; to have the intention

時(じ)代(だい)背(はい)景(けい)

x3 | Rank #72,742

historical background

を

x801 | Rank #3

indicates direct object of action ; indicates subject of causative expression ; indicates an area traversed ; indicates time (period) over which action takes place ; indicates point of departure or separation of action ; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

反(はん)映(えい)

x3 | Rank #14,925

reflection (of light) ; reflection (of society, attitudes, etc.) ; application (of an update, changes, etc.); taking effect

差(さ)別(べつ)的(てき)

x3 | Rank #53,680

discriminatory; discriminative

語(ご)句(く)

x3 | Rank #67,263

words and phrases; words

や

x66 | Rank #72

such things as ...; and ... and ; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; as soon as ; be; is ; o; oh ; huh; what ; hi ; yes; what? ; yes?; no?; is it?; isn't it?

人(ひと)

x35 | Rank #82

person; someone; somebody ; human beings; mankind; man; people; humans ; human (Homo sapiens) ; (other) people; others ; character; personality; nature ; capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person ; adult; grown-up ; I; me; one

性(せい)別(べつ)

x3 | Rank #10,120

(distinction of) sex; gender

または

x3 | Rank #5,497

or; either ... or ...

文(ぶん)化(か)

x5 | Rank #5,032

culture; civilization; civilisation ; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)

に

x860 | Rank #5

at (place, time); in; on; during ; to (direction, state); toward; into ; for (purpose) ; because of (reason); for; with ; by; from ; as (i.e. in the role of) ; per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month") ; and; in addition to ; if; although

対(たい)する

x6 | Rank #1,102

to face (each other); to be facing ; to be directed toward (the future, etc.); to be in response to; to be related to ; to receive (a client, etc.) ; to compare with; to contrast with; to be in opposition with; to be opposed to ; to confront; to oppose; to compete with

否(ひ)定(てい)的(てき)

x3 | Rank #28,108

negative; contradictory

かつ

x3 | Rank #3,898

and; moreover; besides; as well as; and on top of that; at the same time

不(ふ)当(とう)

x3 | Rank #16,000

unfair; unjust; wrongful; improper; unreasonable; unwarranted; unjustified; undeserved; undue

表(ひょう)現(げん)

x7 | Rank #2,786

expression; representation; description ; representation (of a group)

が

x679 | Rank #4

indicates the subject of a sentence ; indicates possession ; but; however; (and) yet; though; although; while ; and ; used after an introductory remark or explanation ; regardless of ...; whether ... (or not); no matter ... ; indicates a desire or hope ; softens a statement ; indicates doubt ; indicates scorn

ある

x33 | Rank #36

to be; to exist; to live ; to have ; to be located ; to be equipped with ; to happen; to come about

作(さく)者(しゃ)

x3 | Rank #6,214

creator (of a work); author; writer; artist; composer; playwright; dramatist

と

x370 | Rank #6

if; when ; and ; with ; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.) ; promoted pawn ; indicates a question

つる

x4 | Rank #943

to fish; to angle; to catch ; to lure in; to tempt; to attract; to entice; to allure

編(へん)集(しゅう)部(ぶ)

x2 | Rank #3,794

editorial department

は

x789 | Rank #2

indicates sentence topic ; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) ; adds emphasis

この

x98 | Rank #27

this ; last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this ; you (as in "you liar")

ような

x22 | Rank #101

like; similar to ; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that) ; feels like; feels similar to; feels as if

差(さ)別(べつ)

x3 | Rank #10,127

distinction; differentiation; discrimination ; discrimination (against people)

に対(たい)して

x3 | Rank #1,244

towards; against; regarding; in contrast with

反(はん)対(たい)

x6 | Rank #1,970

opposition; resistance; antagonism; hostility; objection; dissent ; reverse; opposite; inverse; contrary

する

x117 | Rank #18

to do; to carry out; to perform ; to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into) ; to serve as; to act as; to work as ; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) ; to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as ; to decide on; to choose ; to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) ; to be (in a state, condition, etc.) ; to be worth; to cost ; to pass (of time); to elapse

抗(あらが)う

x5 | Rank #7,856

to go against; to fight against; to oppose; to resist; to deny

意(い)図(と)

x3 | Rank #4,048

intention; aim; design

もと

x3 | Rank #2,068

origin; source; beginning ; basis; base; foundation; root ; cause ; (raw) material; ingredient; base; mix (e.g. for a cake); (soup) stock ; (one's) side ; capital; principal; cost price ; root (of a plant); (tree) trunk ; part (of a brush, chopsticks, etc.) one holds (with the hand) ; first three lines of a waka ; counter for plants or trees

作(さく)劇(げき)

x3 | Rank #99,496

playwriting

必(ひつ)要(よう)

x18 | Rank #293

necessary; needed; essential; indispensable ; necessity; need; requirement

なも

x4 | Rank #4,416

amen; hail

として

x31 | Rank #150

as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of) ; apart from... (used to change the topic) ; even (e.g. "not even a single person") ; thinking that...; trying to...

あえて

x3 | Rank #2,817

purposely (of something needless, unexpected or seemingly counterproductive, etc.); daringly (doing something); deliberately; intentionally ; not necessarily; not particularly; not especially ; definitely not

作(さく)中(ちゅう)

x7 | Rank #23,123

within the story (of a book, play, film, etc.)

登(とう)場(じょう)

x3 | Rank #2,250

entrance (on the stage); appearance (in a book, film, etc.) ; appearance (on the scene); arrival (on the market); emergence; introduction; advent

て

x147 | Rank #21

you said; he said; she said; they said ; even if ; do you seriously think that ; I already told you; you should know by now that; of course ; the said ...; said ... ; says that ... ; I hear that ... ; as for the term ... ; as for ...

いる

x36 | Rank #55

to be (of animate objects); to exist ; to stay ; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing

人(じん)名(めい)

x3 | Rank #49,025

person's name

地(ち)名(めい)

x3 | Rank #24,172

place name; toponym

国(こく)有(ゆう)

x3 | Rank #97,386

national ownership; state ownership; government ownership

名(めい)詞(し)

x3 | Rank #56,106

noun

表(ひょう)記(き)

x3 | Rank #10,785

expression in writing; written representation; notation; transcription; orthography ; writing on the surface (e.g. an address on an envelope); inscribing on the face

基(き)本(ほん)的(てき)に

x3 | Rank #4,139

basically; fundamentally

慣(かん)例(れい)

x4 | Rank #37,945

custom; practice; convention; precedent

従(したが)う

x7 | Rank #1,785

to obey (an order, law, etc.); to abide by (a rule, custom, etc.); to follow; to observe; to conform to; to yield to ; to follow (a person); to accompany; to go with ; to go alongside (e.g. a river); to follow (e.g. a sign) ; to serve (as); to engage in (work)

誇(ほこ)り高(たか)き

x1 | Rank #21,067

proud

わたし

x5 | Rank #211

I; me

ローマ帝(てい)国(こく)

x6 | Rank #65,230

Roman Empire

婚(こん)約(やく)者(しゃ)

x16 | Rank #4,728

fiance; fiancee

死(し)

x12 | Rank #666

death ; (an) out ; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)

遠(とお)

x1 | Rank #15,653

distant

帝(てい)座(ざ)

x6 | Rank #137,687

imperial throne

その

x53 | Rank #28

that; the ; part (as in "part two") ; um ...; er ...; uh ...

都(みやこ)

x15 | Rank #2,359

capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government ; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light) ; location of the Imperial Palace

都(と)市(し)

x5 | Rank #2,194

town; city; municipal; urban

女(じょ)王(おう)

x3 | Rank #2,123

queen ; female champion

コンスタンティノープル

x8 | Rank #133,189

Constantinople

わたしたち

x1 | Rank #2,590

we; us

民(みん)衆(しゅう)

x1 | Rank #10,368

people; populace; masses

歓(かん)呼(こ)

x3 | Rank #61,229

acclamation; jubilation

受(う)ける

x7 | Rank #480

to receive; to get ; to catch (e.g. a ball) ; to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.) ; to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to suffer (an injury); to feel (influence) ; to undergo (e.g. surgery); to take (a test); to accept (a challenge) ; to be given (e.g. life, talent) ; to find funny; to find humorous; to be amused (by) ; to follow; to succeed; to be descended from ; to face (south, etc.) ; to be modified by

戴(たい)冠(かん)

x5 | Rank #60,883

coronation; crowning

はず

x16 | Rank #296

should (be); bound (to be); expected (to be); must (be) ; nock (of a bow) ; nock (of an arrow) ; nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger) ; wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out

だった

x39 | Rank #38

was; were

なのに

x5 | Rank #493

and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless; for all that; notwithstanding that

あんな

x367 | Rank #4,835

Anna era (968.8.13-970.3.25); Anwa era

人(じん)生(せい)

x8 | Rank #665

(one's) life

どう

x24 | Rank #71

how; in what way; how about

なる

x85 | Rank #44

to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain ; to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be) ; to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of ; to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished ; to change (into); to turn (into); to transform ; to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do) ; to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make ; to play (the part of); to act as ; to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as ; to be promoted

ビザンツ

x33 | Rank #111,044

Byzanz

皇(こう)女(じょ)

x49 | Rank #14,568

imperial princess

歳(さい)

x25 | Rank #732

... years old; age (of) ...

えっ

x10 | Rank #75

huh?; what's up?