indicates direct object of action ; indicates subject of causative expression ; indicates an area traversed ; indicates time (period) over which action takes place ; indicates point of departure or separation of action ; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; on; during ; to (direction, state); toward; into ; for (purpose) ; because of (reason); for; with ; by; from ; as (i.e. in the role of) ; per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month") ; and; in addition to ; if; although
to be; to exist; to live ; to have ; to be located ; to be equipped with ; to happen; to come about ; to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
to do; to carry out; to perform ; to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into) ; to serve as; to act as; to work as ; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) ; to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as ; to decide on; to choose ; to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) ; to be (in a state, condition, etc.) ; to be worth; to cost ; to pass (of time); to elapse
to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct ; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol) ; to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train ; to till ; to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write ; to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose ; to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found ; to have (a child) ; to make up (one's face, etc.) ; to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
-ical; -ive; -al; -ic; -y ; -like; -ish; -sort of; -kind of ; (something) like; along the lines of ; -wise; in terms of; for; from the viewpoint of; from a ... standpoint; as far as ... is concerned ; Mr.; Ms.; Mrs.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since ; from (originator); by ; because; since ; out of (constituent, part) ; through (e.g. window, vestibule) ; after; since ; expresses sympathy or warning
indicates the subject of a sentence ; indicates possession ; but; however; (and) yet; though; although; while ; and ; used after an introductory remark or explanation ; regardless of ...; whether ... (or not); no matter ... ; indicates a desire or hope ; softens a statement ; indicates doubt ; indicates scorn
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use ; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume ; to use (language); to speak
such things as ...; and ... and ; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; as soon as ; be; is ; o; oh ; huh; what ; hi ; yes; what? ; yes?; no?; is it?; isn't it?
to stand up; to put up; to set up; to erect; to raise ; to thrust into; to bury into; to dig into ; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to raise (a cloud of dust, etc.); to cause ; to make; to establish; to set up; to develop; to formulate ; to put up (a political candidate); to make (one's leader) ; to treat with respect; to give (someone) their due; to make (someone) look good; to avoid embarrassing (someone) ; to sharpen; to make clear ; to shut; to close ; to make tea (matcha); to perform the tea ceremony ; to divide by
to include (in a group or scope) ; to instruct; to make one understand ; to include (a nuance); to put in (an implication) ; to put in (someone's) mouth ; to permeate with flavor
right?; isn't it?; doesn't it?; don't you?; don't you think? ; hey; say; listen; look; come on ; you know; you see; I must say; I should think ; will you?; please ; so, ...; well, ...; you see, ...; you understand? ; I'm not sure if ...; I have my doubts about whether ...
if; in case; if it is the case that; if it is true that ; as for; on the topic of ; if that's the case; if so; that being the case ; if possible; if circumstances allow
to do; to undertake; to perform; to play (a game); to study ; to send; to dispatch; to despatch ; to put; to move; to turn (one's head, glance, etc.) ; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status); to let have; to present; to bestow; to confer ; to make (a vehicle) go faster ; to run (a business); to keep; to be engaged in; to practice (law, medicine, etc.); to practise ; to have (food, drink, etc.); to eat; to drink; to smoke ; to hold (a performance); to perform; to show ; to ease (one's mind) ; to harm; to injure; to kill
to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon ; to think (of doing); to plan (to do) ; to judge; to assess; to regard ; to imagine; to suppose; to dream ; to expect; to look forward to ; to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want ; to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love ; to recall; to remember
a little; a bit; slightly ; just a minute; for a moment; briefly ; somewhat; rather; fairly; pretty; quite ; (not) easily; (not) readily ; hey!; come on; excuse me ; thanks, but no; not feasible; not possible
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me ; may I come in? ; permission; leave; license ; dismissal; discharge ; not wanting; objecting to; being fed up with; wishing to avoid
to finish; to end; to be completed; to be resolved ; to have a result less severe than expected ; to feel at ease ; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
Japanese league; ri; old Japanese unit of distance, approx. 3.927 km or 2.44 miles ; neighbourhood (under the ritsuryō system; orig. of 50 homes) ; unit of area (approx. 654 m by 654 m)