Jiten beta

indicates possessive ; nominalizes verbs and adjectives ; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases ; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion ; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis ; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

を

x2019 | Rank #3

indicates direct object of action ; indicates subject of causative expression ; indicates an area traversed ; indicates time (period) over which action takes place ; indicates point of departure or separation of action ; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

底(てい)本(ほん)

x2 | Rank #26,118

original text; source book ; draft

縦(たて)組(ぐ)み

x1 | Rank #174,649

vertical typesetting

に

x1733 | Rank #5

at (place, time); in; on; during ; to (direction, state); toward; into ; for (purpose) ; because of (reason); for; with ; by; from ; as (i.e. in the role of) ; per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month") ; and; in addition to ; if; although

作(さく)成(せい)

x4 | Rank #7,567

making (a report, plan, contract, etc.); drawing up; writing out; preparing; creating (a file, website, account, etc.)

が

x1463 | Rank #4

indicates the subject of a sentence ; indicates possession ; but; however; (and) yet; though; although; while ; and ; used after an introductory remark or explanation ; regardless of ...; whether ... (or not); no matter ... ; indicates a desire or hope ; softens a statement ; indicates doubt ; indicates scorn

一(いち)部(ぶ)

x4 | Rank #1,343

one part; one portion; one section ; one copy (of a book); (one) complete set (of books)

について

x54 | Rank #473

about; on; regarding; concerning ; per; for every

と

x848 | Rank #6

if; when ; and ; with ; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.) ; promoted pawn ; indicates a question

異(こと)なる

x5 | Rank #4,106

to differ; to be different; to disagree; to vary; to diverge

場(ば)合(あい)

x72 | Rank #504

case; occasion; situation; circumstances

ある

x20 | Rank #36

to be; to exist; to live ; to have ; to be located ; to be equipped with ; to happen; to come about

また

x35 | Rank #104

again; once more; once again; another time; some other time ; also; too; as well; likewise ; on the other hand; while ; and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore ; or; otherwise ; really; how; (what, why) on earth ; indirect

ご覧(らん)になる

x1 | Rank #23,967

to see; to look; to watch ; to try to ...

機(き)種(しゅ)

x1 | Rank #20,388

model (of machine, device) ; model of aircraft; type of aircraft

や

x110 | Rank #72

such things as ...; and ... and ; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; as soon as ; be; is ; o; oh ; huh; what ; hi ; yes; what? ; yes?; no?; is it?; isn't it?

設(せっ)定(てい)

x2 | Rank #2,746

establishment; creation; posing (a problem); setting (movie, novel, etc.); scene ; options setting; preference settings; configuration; setup

など

x80 | Rank #199

et cetera; etc.; and the like; and so forth ; or something ; the likes of ; for example; for instance; for one

により

x2 | Rank #1,621

according to; by (means of); due to; because of

表(ひょう)示(じ)

x1 | Rank #2,486

indication; expression; showing; manifestation; demonstration ; display; displaying ; representation ; (copyright) attribution

も

x512 | Rank #7

too; also; in addition; as well; (not) either (in a negative sentence) ; both A and B; A as well as B; neither A nor B (in a negative sentence) ; even; as much as; as many as; as far as; as long as; no less than; no fewer than ; even if; even though; although; in spite of ; further; more; again; another; the other

はじめに

x3 | Rank #62,083

first; firstly; first of all; to begin with; in the beginning; at the beginning ; Introduction; Preface

本(ほん)書(しょ)

x16 | Rank #3,820

main text ; original text ; this book; this volume

文(ぶん)章(しょう)

x216 | Rank #4,850

writing; composition; essay; article; passage; prose; (writing) style ; sentence

書(か)き方(かた)

x7 | Rank #25,494

way of writing; manner of writing ; penmanship (esp. used in old textbooks); calligraphy ; format (e.g. of a report) ; stroke order of a character

基(き)本(ほん)

x6 | Rank #2,430

basics; fundamentals; basis; foundation

的(まと)を絞(しぼ)る

x1 | Rank #103,038

to narrow in (on); to home in; to focus; to target

特(とく)定(てい)

x11 | Rank #3,396

specific; particular; designated; special ; specifying; designating; identifying; pinpointing

文(ぶん)書(しょ)

x3 | Rank #10,878

document; writing; letter; papers; notes; records; archives ; document addressed to someone

たとえば

x66 | Rank #3,315

for example; for instance; e.g.

レポート

x6 | Rank #8,934

report; paper ; reportage

論(ろん)文(ぶん)

x5 | Rank #7,641

thesis; essay; treatise; paper; article

ビジネス

x1 | Rank #6,684

business

話(わ)題(だい)

x29 | Rank #1,968

topic; subject ; much talked about; topical; in the news; hot

する

x460 | Rank #19

to do; to carry out; to perform ; to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into) ; to serve as; to act as; to work as ; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) ; to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as ; to decide on; to choose ; to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) ; to be (in a state, condition, etc.) ; to be worth; to cost ; to pass (of time); to elapse

ので

x80 | Rank #133

that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...

ない

x57 | Rank #37

nonexistent; not being (there) ; unowned; not had; unpossessed ; unique ; not; impossible; won't happen ; not ; to not be; to have not

もっと

x19 | Rank #225

(some) more; even more; longer; further

手(て)前(まえ)

x1 | Rank #3,929

before oneself; in front of one; nearby ; a bit before reaching (a location); this side (of a location) ; one's standpoint; one's appearance; face; honour ; skill; dexterity; artistry; ingenuity ; tea-ceremony procedures ; I; me ; you

問(もん)題(だい)を取(と)り上(あ)げる

x2 | Rank #130,169

to take up a problem

言(い)い換(か)える

x15 | Rank #16,482

to say in other words; to put another way; to express in different words; to reword; to rephrase

問(もん)題(だい)

x138 | Rank #339

question (e.g. on a test); problem ; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; issue; subject (e.g. of research); case; matter ; question (i.e. doubt) ; public discussion; controversy ; trouble; problem; inconvenience; difficulty

文(ぶん)系(けい)

x1 | Rank #23,040

humanities, social sciences, and fine arts; liberal arts

理(り)系(けい)

x1 | Rank #20,460

the sciences; STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics)

問(と)う

x4 | Rank #2,364

to ask; to inquire ; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to pursue (question of responsibility); to charge with ; to care about; to regard as important ; to call into question; to doubt; to question

実(じつ)務(む)

x1 | Rank #28,605

(practical) business; business practice; business affairs; (actual) work

職(しょく)場(ば)

x4 | Rank #4,434

one's post; place of work; workplace

学(がっ)校(こう)

x15 | Rank #401

school

学(がく)術(じゅつ)

x1 | Rank #42,827

science; learning; scholarship; arts and sciences; academic pursuits

多(た)様(よう)

x1 | Rank #23,001

diverse; varied

場(ば)面(めん)

x8 | Rank #4,218

scene; setting; place (where something happens); scenario; case ; scene (in a movie, play); shot ; state of the market

対(たい)応(おう)

x14 | Rank #2,079

correspondence (to); equivalence ; suitability; coordination; matching; being appropriate (for) ; dealing with; coping with; handling; response; reception; reaction ; compatibility (with technology, software, etc.); capability; support (for)

できる

x38 | Rank #98

to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do) ; to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable ; to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.) ; to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up ; to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready ; to grow (of a crop); to be produced ; to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character ; to be by nature; to be born ... ; to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone) ; to get pregnant

汎(はん)用(よう)性(せい)

x1 | Rank #46,075

versatility; multiplicity of use

高(たか)い

x13 | Rank #591

high; tall ; expensive; high-priced ; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.) ; loud ; high-pitched; shrill

である

x409 | Rank #250

be; is

では

x158 | Rank #70

then; well; so; well then ; bye then ; at; in; by; with; using ; if not ...; unless ...

それ

x106 | Rank #26

that; it ; then; that point (in time); that time ; there ; you

実(じつ)用(よう)

x21 | Rank #30,325

practical use; utility

文(ぶん)

x278 | Rank #3,477

sentence ; composition; text; writings ; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; literature ; statement

呼(よ)ぶ

x13 | Rank #340

to call out (to); to call; to invoke ; to summon (a doctor, etc.) ; to invite ; to designate; to name; to brand ; to garner (support, etc.); to gather ; to take as one's wife

国(こく)際(さい)化(か)

x2 | Rank #60,466

internationalization; internationalisation

グローバル化(か)

x1 | Rank #84,765

globalization; globalisation

高(たか)波(なみ)

x1 | Rank #37,262

high waves; heavy seas

アジア

x1 | Rank #13,640

Asia

はずれ

x1 | Rank #11,295

end; verge; extremity; tip; outskirts ; miss; failure; blank (e.g. lottery ticket)

列(れっ)島(とう)

x1 | Rank #49,225

archipelago; chain of islands

にも

x27 | Rank #186

also; too; not ... either; as well; even ; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise

ひたひた

x2 | Rank #39,728

lapping (e.g. of waves against the shore) ; steadily (advancing); gradually (approaching) ; sufficient (of the amount of liquid needed to cover a submerged object); just enough ; speedily; promptly; quickly; smoothly ; closely; exactly

押(お)し寄(よ)せる

x3 | Rank #7,406

to advance on; to close in; to march on; to descend on (the enemy); to move towards; to surge forward (crowd, wave of nostalgia, wave, etc.); to rush for (the door); to inundate; to overwhelm; to push aside

こうした

x5 | Rank #11,056

such

情(じょう)勢(せい)

x2 | Rank #14,002

state of things; state of affairs; situation; conditions; circumstances

前(まえ)に

x29 | Rank #221

ahead; before; ago

人(ひと)々(びと)

x6 | Rank #1,160

people; men and women ; each person; everybody

英(えい)語(ご)

x11 | Rank #2,699

English (language)

話(はな)す

x7 | Rank #302

to talk; to speak; to converse; to chat ; to tell; to explain; to narrate; to mention; to describe; to discuss ; to speak (a language)

なければ

x9 | Rank #548

if (it) doesn't exist; if there is no ...; if (one) doesn't have ... ; if not ...; unless ... ; have to ...; must ...

とか

x40 | Rank #85

and the like; such as; among other things; and so on ; or something; something like; a (certain) ; I hear that ...; people say that...; rumour has it that ... ; or something; something like; or whatever

論(ろん)理(り)的(てき)

x4 | Rank #17,024

logical

声(こわ)高(だか)

x1 | Rank #31,271

loud (of a voice)

叫(さけ)ぶ

x1 | Rank #1,902

to shout; to cry; to scream; to shriek; to yell; to exclaim ; to clamor (for or against); to clamour (for or against)

はじめる

x10 | Rank #3,423

to start; to begin; to commence; to initiate; to originate ; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to establish ; to start ...; to begin to ...

英(えい)語(ご)力(りょく)

x1 | Rank #62,868

command of English; proficiency in English; knowledge of English

論(ろん)

x21 | Rank #14,221

argument; discussion; dispute; controversy; discourse; debate ; theory (e.g. of evolution); doctrine ; essay; treatise; comment

理(り)力(りょく)

x1 | Rank #32,142

the Force (in Star Wars)

なに

x18 | Rank #246

what ; you-know-what; that thing ; whatsit; whachamacallit; what's-his-name; what's-her-name ; penis; (one's) thing; dick ; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest ; what?; huh? ; hey!; come on! ; oh, no (it's fine); why (it's nothing); oh (certainly not)

か

x179 | Rank #9

indicates a question ; or; whether or not ; some- (e.g. something, someone) ; hmm; huh ; very ; -al; -ial; -ic; -ical; -ish; -y ; in that way

忘(わす)れる

x8 | Rank #348

to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)

つい

x5 | Rank #1,142

just (now) ; quite (near) ; unintentionally; subconsciously; by mistake; against one's better judgement (judgment)

言(い)う

x23 | Rank #51

to say; to utter; to declare ; to name; to call ; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise

なる

x137 | Rank #43

to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain ; to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be) ; to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of ; to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished ; to change (into); to turn (into); to transform ; to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do) ; to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make ; to play (the part of); to act as ; to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as ; to be promoted

日本(にほん)語(ご)力(りょく)

x8 | Rank #111,160

command of Japanese; proficiency in Japanese

すべて

x13 | Rank #451

everything; all; the whole ; entirely; completely; wholly; all

で

x636 | Rank #11

at; in ; at; when ; by; with ; within; in ; and then; so ; and; then ; let me tell you; don't you know

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