account; history; chronicle; annals; record ; notice; note; as follows ; Kojiki (earliest historical record of Japan, compiled in 712 CE); Records of Ancient Matters
indicates the subject of a sentence ; indicates possession ; but; however; (and) yet; though; although; while ; and ; used after an introductory remark or explanation ; regardless of ...; whether ... (or not); no matter ... ; indicates a desire or hope ; softens a statement ; indicates doubt ; indicates scorn
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to come out; to embody; to materialize; to materialise ; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
indicates direct object of action ; indicates subject of causative expression ; indicates an area traversed ; indicates time (period) over which action takes place ; indicates point of departure or separation of action ; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pierce; to stab; to prick; to stick; to thrust ; to sting; to bite ; to sew; to stitch; to embroider ; to pole (a boat) ; to catch (with a limed pole) ; to put (a runner) out; to pick off
at (place, time); in; on; during ; to (direction, state); toward; into ; for (purpose) ; because of (reason); for; with ; by; from ; as (i.e. in the role of) ; per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month") ; and; in addition to ; if; although
thing; matter ; incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis ; circumstances; situation; state of affairs ; work; business; affair ; after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to ; nominalizing suffix ; pretending to ...; playing make-believe ... ; alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or ; necessity; need ; you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do) ; to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable ; to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.) ; to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up ; to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready ; to grow (of a crop); to be produced ; to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character ; to be by nature; to be born ... ; to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone) ; to get pregnant
to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain ; to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be) ; to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of ; to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished ; to change (into); to turn (into); to transform ; to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do) ; to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make ; to play (the part of); to act as ; to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as ; to be promoted
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to arrive ; to come back; to do ... and come back ; to come to be; to become; to get; to grow; to continue ; to come from; to be caused by; to derive from ; to come to (e.g. "when it comes to spinach ...")
extermination; elimination; eradication; destruction; suppression; subjugation; getting rid of; stamping out; wiping out; rooting out ; renouncing worldly desires (in order to concentrate on Buddhist teachings) ; curing (an illness)
to do; to carry out; to perform ; to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into) ; to serve as; to act as; to work as ; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) ; to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as ; to decide on; to choose ; to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) ; to be (in a state, condition, etc.) ; to be worth; to cost ; to pass (of time); to elapse
too; also; in addition; as well; (not) either (in a negative sentence) ; both A and B; A as well as B; neither A nor B (in a negative sentence) ; even; as much as; as many as; as far as; as long as; no less than; no fewer than ; even if; even though; although; in spite of ; further; more; again; another; the other
to finish; to end; to be completed ; to merely result in something less severe than expected ; to feel at ease ; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since ; from (originator); by ; because; since ; out of (constituent, part) ; through (e.g. window, vestibule) ; after; since ; expresses sympathy or warning
to kill; to slay; to murder; to slaughter ; to suppress; to block; to hamper; to destroy (e.g. talent); to eliminate (e.g. an odour); to spoil (e.g. a flavour); to kill (e.g. one's speed) ; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back; to stifle (a yawn, laugh, etc.); to hold (one's breath) ; to put out (a runner) ; to pawn; to put in hock
right?; isn't it?; doesn't it?; don't you?; don't you think? ; hey; say; listen; look; come on ; you know; you see; I must say; I should think ; will you?; please ; so, ...; well, ...; you see, ...; you understand? ; I'm not sure if ...; I have my doubts about whether ...
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use ; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume ; to use (language); to speak
to decide; to choose; to determine; to make up one's mind; to resolve; to set one's heart on; to settle; to arrange; to set; to appoint; to fix ; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match) ; to persist in doing; to go through with ; to always do; to have made a habit of ; to take for granted; to assume ; to dress up; to dress to kill; to dress to the nines ; to carry out successfully (a move in sports, a pose in dance, etc.); to succeed in doing ; to immobilize with a double-arm lock (in sumo, judo, etc.) ; to eat or drink something; to take illegal drugs
to become known; to come to light; to be discovered ; to be known; to be understood ; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant ; to be evident; to be obvious; to go without saying ; to be very intense (of worry, hope, etc.); to be severe
to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon ; to think (of doing); to plan (to do) ; to judge; to assess; to regard ; to imagine; to suppose; to dream ; to expect; to look forward to ; to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want ; to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love ; to recall; to remember
rule; domination; control ; direction; management; guidance ; control (of one's destiny, public opinion, etc.); governing; influence; sway ; government
extent; degree; measure ; limit; bounds ; (span of) time ; (a) distance ; the state of; the status of; the condition of ; about; around; approximately; or so ; as much as ...; to the extent of ...; like ... ; the more ... the more ...
indicates word or phrase being defined ; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.) ; with ; (not) as much as; (not) so much as ; the fact that; to think that; such a thing as
to recommend (someone to do); to advise; to encourage; to urge ; to recommend (a book, someone for a position, etc.); to suggest ; to offer (a drink, cigarette, seat, etc.)
the five elements (in Chinese philosophy: wood, fire, earth, metal and water); the five phases; wu xing ; five practices of the Bodhisattvas ; the five pillars of Islam
to send; to dispatch; to forward; to transmit; to ship; to remit ; to see (someone) off; to escort; to accompany; to take ; to bid farewell to (the departed); to say goodbye to; to bury ; to spend (time); to pass; to lead (a life); to live ; to pass (on, along); to advance (a runner) ; to affix (okurigana)