indicates direct object of action ; indicates subject of causative expression ; indicates an area traversed ; indicates time (period) over which action takes place ; indicates point of departure or separation of action ; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government ; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light) ; location of the Imperial Palace
at (a time or place); in; on ; in (a situation, matter, etc.); on (a point); when it comes to; regarding; with respect to; in (terms of); as to; as for ; on the part of; under the authority of; in the name of
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of) ; apart from ... (used to change the topic) ; even (e.g. "not even a single person") ; thinking that ...; trying to ...
to shave (wood, leather, etc.); to sharpen (e.g. pencil); to plane; to whittle; to pare; to scrape off; to erode ; to cut down (budget, expenses, staff, time, etc.); to curtail; to reduce ; to delete; to erase; to remove; to cross out; to strike out
you said; he said; she said; they said ; even if ; do you seriously think that ; I already told you; you should know by now that; of course ; the said ...; said ... ; says that ... ; I hear that ... ; as for the term ... ; as for ...
to go through; to pierce; to penetrate ; to run through (e.g. a river through a city); to pass through ; to stick to (opinion, principles, etc.); to carry out; to persist with; to keep (e.g. faith); to maintain (e.g. independence)
to hold between (e.g. one's fingers, chopsticks); to grip (from both sides) ; to put between; to sandwich between; to insert; to interpose ; to catch (e.g. a finger in a door); to trap; to pinch ; to insert (e.g. a break into proceedings); to interpose (e.g. an objection); to interject; to throw in (e.g. a joke) ; to be on either side of (a road, table, etc.); to have between each other; to be across (a street, river, etc.) ; to harbour (feelings); to cast (e.g. doubt)
standing facing each other (e.g. mountains, buildings); standing opposite each other ; confrontation; squaring off against (adversaries, armies, forces); standing off against; holding one's own with
to do; to carry out; to perform ; to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into) ; to serve as; to act as; to work as ; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) ; to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as ; to decide on; to choose ; to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) ; to be (in a state, condition, etc.) ; to be worth; to cost ; to pass (of time); to elapse
at (place, time); in; on; during ; to (direction, state); toward; into ; for (purpose) ; because of (reason); for; with ; by; from ; as (i.e. in the role of) ; per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month") ; and; in addition to ; if; although
to be; to exist; to live ; to have ; to be located ; to be equipped with ; to happen; to come about ; to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry ; to possess; to have; to own ; to maintain; to keep ; to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive ; to take charge of; to be in charge of ; to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.) ; to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
one (esp. of two); the other; one way; the other way; one direction; the other direction; one side; the other side; one party; the other party ; on the one hand; on the other hand ; whereas; although; but at the same time; meanwhile; in turn ; just keeps; being inclined to ...; tending to be ...; tending to do ...; continuously ...; just keeps on ...ing; only
as (it is); remaining (in a state); keeping (the same); leaving (unchanged) ; with (e.g. one's eyes closed, the light on); while (e.g. standing, alive); as ; as (one pleases, one is told, etc.); according to ; sic
to receive; to get ; to catch (e.g. a ball) ; to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.) ; to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to suffer (an injury); to feel (influence) ; to undergo (e.g. surgery); to take (a test); to accept (a challenge) ; to be given (e.g. life, talent) ; to find funny; to find humorous; to be amused (by) ; to follow; to succeed; to be descended from ; to face (south, etc.) ; to be modified by
the whole world ; the whole country ; society; the public ; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; the ruling power ; having one's own way; doing as one pleases ; peerless; incomparable; superlative; world-famous ; shogun (Edo period)
unthinkable; unexpected; absurd; outrageous; preposterous; terrible ; absolutely not!; far from it!; impossible!; preposterous!; what a thing to say!; no way! ; (it was) no bother at all; not at all; don't mention it
indicates the subject of a sentence ; indicates possession ; but; however; (and) yet; though; although; while ; and ; used after an introductory remark or explanation ; regardless of ...; whether ... (or not); no matter ... ; indicates a desire or hope ; softens a statement ; indicates doubt ; indicates scorn
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.) ; under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath ; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); in (e.g. the name of ...) ; (someone's) side; (someone's) location
one's body; one's person ; oneself; one's appearance ; one's place (in society, etc.); one's position ; main part; meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.); wood (as opposed to bark); blade (as opposed to its handle); container (as opposed to its lid)
to come near; to let someone approach ; to bring near; to bring together; to collect; to gather ; to deliver (opinion, news, etc.); to send (e.g. a letter); to contribute; to donate ; to let someone drop by ; to add (numbers) ; to have feelings for (love, goodwill, trust, etc.) ; to rely upon for a time; to depend on ; to use as a pretext ; to put aside ; to press; to push; to force
opportunity; chance; occasion; time ; folding; fold; pleat; crease ; small food box (wooden or cardboard) ; folding in ... (two, three, etc.) ; counter for folded items ; counter for items (esp. food) packed in an oribako
to make a decision; to draw a conclusion ; to give a judgement; to hand down a verdict; to pass a sentence; to give an order ; to let go down; to lower ; to do oneself; to do by oneself ; to beat; to defeat ; to have loose bowels; to have diarrhea ; to pass (in stool); to discharge from the body ; to do in one go; to do to the end without stopping
if; in case; if it is the case that; if it is true that ; as for; on the topic of ; if that's the case; if so; that being the case ; if possible; if circumstances allow
purposely (of something needless, unexpected or seemingly counterproductive, etc.); daringly (doing something); deliberately; intentionally ; not necessarily; not particularly; not especially ; definitely not