indicates the subject of a sentence ; indicates possession ; but; however; (and) yet; though; although; while ; and ; used after an introductory remark or explanation ; regardless of ...; whether ... (or not); no matter ... ; indicates a desire or hope ; softens a statement ; indicates doubt ; indicates scorn
indicates direct object of action ; indicates subject of causative expression ; indicates an area traversed ; indicates time (period) over which action takes place ; indicates point of departure or separation of action ; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; on; during ; to (direction, state); toward; into ; for (purpose) ; because of (reason); for; with ; by; from ; as (i.e. in the role of) ; per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month") ; and; in addition to ; if; although
to call out (to); to call; to invoke ; to summon (a doctor, etc.) ; to invite ; to designate; to name; to brand ; to garner (support, etc.); to gather ; to take as one's wife
if; in case; if it is the case that; if it is true that ; as for; on the topic of ; if that's the case; if so; that being the case ; if possible; if circumstances allow
to give one's name (as); to introduce oneself (as) ; to claim to be; to call oneself; to wear the title of ; to reveal oneself (as); to admit to being ; to adopt as one's name; to take (a name) ; to call out the goods one is selling
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since ; from (originator); by ; because; since ; out of (constituent, part) ; through (e.g. window, vestibule) ; after; since ; expresses sympathy or warning
to do; to carry out; to perform ; to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into) ; to serve as; to act as; to work as ; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) ; to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as ; to decide on; to choose ; to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) ; to be (in a state, condition, etc.) ; to be worth; to cost ; to pass (of time); to elapse
too; also; in addition; as well; (not) either (in a negative sentence) ; both A and B; A as well as B; neither A nor B (in a negative sentence) ; even; as much as; as many as; as far as; as long as; no less than; no fewer than ; even if; even though; although; in spite of ; further; more; again; another; the other
right?; isn't it?; doesn't it?; don't you?; don't you think? ; hey; say; listen; look; come on ; you know; you see; I must say; I should think ; will you?; please ; so, ...; well, ...; you see, ...; you understand? ; I'm not sure if ...; I have my doubts about whether ...
origin; source; beginning ; basis; base; foundation; root ; cause ; (raw) material; ingredient; base; mix (e.g. for a cake); (soup) stock ; (one's) side ; capital; principal; cost price ; root (of a plant); (tree) trunk ; part (of a brush, chopsticks, etc.) one holds (with the hand) ; first three lines of a waka ; counter for plants or trees
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of) ; apart from... (used to change the topic) ; even (e.g. "not even a single person") ; thinking that...; trying to...
flow (of a fluid or gas); stream; current ; flow (of people, things); passage (of time); tide; passing; (changing) trends; tendency ; course (of events); (step-by-step) procedure; process ; group of people who remain together after the end of an event ; descent; ancestry; school ; forfeiture; foreclosure ; cancellation ; drifting; wandering; roaming
that is to say; that is; in other words; I mean; that (this, it) means ; in short; in brief; to sum up; ultimately; in the end; in the long run; when all is said and done; what it all comes down to; when you get right down to it; basically ; clogging; obstruction; stuffing; (degree of) blockage ; shrinkage ; end; conclusion ; dead end; corner ; distress; being at the end of one's rope
but; however; though; nevertheless; still; yet; even so; also; as well ; even ; however; no matter how; even if; even though ; ... or something ; either ... or ...; neither ... nor ... ; pseudo-; quack; in-name-only ; for lack of anything better to do
to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain ; to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be) ; to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of ; to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished ; to change (into); to turn (into); to transform ; to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do) ; to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make ; to play (the part of); to act as ; to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as ; to be promoted
sure; certain; positive; definite ; reliable; trustworthy; safe; sound; firm; accurate; correct; exact ; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly; If I remember rightly
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; (who) on earth ; one object; one body; unity ; one form; one style ; one Buddhist image (or carving, etc.) ; generally; in general
extermination; elimination; eradication; destruction; suppression; subjugation; getting rid of; stamping out; wiping out; rooting out ; renouncing worldly desires (in order to concentrate on Buddhist teachings) ; curing (an illness)
to be hit; to strike ; to touch; to be in contact; to be affixed ; to be equivalent to; to be applicable; to apply to ; to be right on the money (of a prediction, criticism, etc.) ; to be selected (in a lottery, etc.); to win ; to be successful; to go well; to be a hit ; to face; to confront ; to lie (in the direction of) ; to undertake; to be assigned ; to be stricken (by food poisoning, heat, etc.); to be afflicted
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use ; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume ; to use (language); to speak
to glare at; to scowl at; to glower at ; to stare intensely at; to examine carefully ; to estimate; to guess; to suspect; to judge ; to keep an eye on someone (e.g. a suspicious or untrustworthy person); to watch ; to take account of; to take into consideration