origin; source; beginning ; basis; base; foundation; root ; cause ; (raw) material; ingredient; base; mix (e.g. for a cake); (soup) stock ; (one's) side ; capital; principal; cost price ; root (of a plant); (tree) trunk ; part (of a brush, chopsticks, etc.) one holds (with the hand) ; first three lines of a waka ; counter for plants or trees
indicates the subject of a sentence ; indicates possession ; but; however; (and) yet; though; although; while ; and ; used after an introductory remark or explanation ; regardless of ...; whether ... (or not); no matter ... ; indicates a desire or hope ; softens a statement ; indicates doubt ; indicates scorn
to lose; to be defeated ; to succumb; to give in; to surrender; to yield ; to be inferior to ; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.) ; to reduce the price; to give a discount; to throw in (something extra) for free
to take (by force); to take away; to snatch; to steal; to rob (someone) of; to dispossess of; to deprive of; to usurp ; to absorb (one's attention); to fascinate; to captivate; to charm; to dazzle
relation; relationship; connection ; participation; involvement; concern ; influence; effect ; sexual relations; sexual relationship ; related to; connected to
right?; isn't it?; doesn't it?; don't you?; don't you think? ; hey; say; listen; look; come on ; you know; you see; I must say; I should think ; will you?; please ; so, ...; well, ...; you see, ...; you understand? ; I'm not sure if ...; I have my doubts about whether ...
at (place, time); in; on; during ; to (direction, state); toward; into ; for (purpose) ; because of (reason); for; with ; by; from ; as (i.e. in the role of) ; per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month") ; and; in addition to ; if; although
to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain ; to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be) ; to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of ; to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished ; to change (into); to turn (into); to transform ; to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do) ; to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make ; to play (the part of); to act as ; to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as ; to be promoted
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since ; from (originator); by ; because; since ; out of (constituent, part) ; through (e.g. window, vestibule) ; after; since ; expresses sympathy or warning
too; also; in addition; as well; (not) either (in a negative sentence) ; both A and B; A as well as B; neither A nor B (in a negative sentence) ; even; as much as; as many as; as far as; as long as; no less than; no fewer than ; even if; even though; although; in spite of ; further; more; again; another; the other
but; however; though; nevertheless; still; yet; even so; also; as well ; even ; however; no matter how; even if; even though ; ... or something ; either ... or ...; neither ... nor ... ; pseudo-; quack; in-name-only ; for lack of anything better to do
record; document; minutes; recording; putting on record; keeping a record (of); writing down ; record (e.g. in sports); setting (a record); recording (a record high, etc.)
indicates direct object of action ; indicates subject of causative expression ; indicates an area traversed ; indicates time (period) over which action takes place ; indicates point of departure or separation of action ; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pull out; to draw out; to extract; to unplug; to weed ; to omit; to leave out; to go without; to skip ; to do to the end; to do thoroughly; to do completely; to do severely ; to let out (e.g. air from a tyre); to drain (e.g. water from a bath); to empty ; to pick out; to choose; to select; to extract ; to pilfer; to steal ; to remove; to get rid of; to take out ; to pass; to overtake; to outstrip; to get ahead of ; to pierce; to break through; to go through ; to cut out (a shape); to create (a pattern) by dying the surrounding area
to rise; to go up; to come up; to ascend; to be raised ; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to go in ; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade ; to get out (of water); to come ashore ; to increase ; to improve; to make progress ; to be promoted; to advance ; to be made (of profit, etc.) ; to occur (esp. of a favourable result) ; to be adequate (to cover expenses, etc.)
you said; he said; she said; they said ; even if ; do you seriously think that ; I already told you; you should know by now that; of course ; the said ...; said ... ; says that ... ; I hear that ... ; as for the term ... ; as for ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to arrive ; to come back; to do ... and come back ; to come to be; to become; to get; to grow; to continue ; to come from; to be caused by; to derive from ; to come to (e.g. "when it comes to spinach ...")
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use ; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume ; to use (language); to speak
play; recreation ; playing (a sport); play; game ; playing (a musical instrument); musical performance ; play (theatrical performance) ; play ball; starting a match
if; in case; if it is the case that; if it is true that ; as for; on the topic of ; if that's the case; if so; that being the case ; if possible; if circumstances allow
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry ; to possess; to have; to own ; to maintain; to keep ; to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive ; to take charge of; to be in charge of ; to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.) ; to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
point (of a story, argument, etc.); key point; important part ; point; site; spot ; point (in scoring) ; point (in a loyalty program); points ; (percentage) point ; (decimal) point ; switch; points ; point (unit of type measurement) ; point (in a stock index) ; place where many fish gather
plentifully; amply; abundantly; copiously; generously; fully; a lot ; loosely; with room to spare; with enough space; (large) enough ; a good (e.g. two weeks, ten kilometres); a full; at least; no less than
to attach; to join; to connect; to add; to append; to affix; to stick; to glue; to fasten; to sew on; to apply (ointment); to put against ; to furnish (a house with) ; to wear; to put on ; to keep a diary; to make an entry ; to appraise; to set (a price) ; to allot; to budget; to assign ; to bring alongside ; to place (under guard or doctor) ; to follow (someone); to shadow; to tail; to stalk ; to load; to give (courage to)
to do; to undertake; to perform; to play (a game); to study ; to send; to dispatch; to despatch ; to put; to move; to turn (one's head, glance, etc.) ; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status); to let have; to present; to bestow; to confer ; to make (a vehicle) go faster ; to run (a business); to keep; to be engaged in; to practice (law, medicine, etc.); to practise ; to have (food, drink, etc.); to eat; to drink; to smoke ; to hold (a performance); to perform; to show ; to ease (one's mind) ; to harm; to injure; to kill
such things as ...; and ... and ; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; as soon as ; be; is ; o; oh ; huh; what ; hi ; yes; what? ; yes?; no?; is it?; isn't it?
companion; fellow; friend; mate; comrade; partner; colleague; coworker; associate ; group; company; circle; set; gang ; member of the same category (family, class)