indicates direct object of action ; indicates subject of causative expression ; indicates an area traversed ; indicates time (period) over which action takes place ; indicates point of departure or separation of action ; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to perform ; to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into) ; to serve as; to act as; to work as ; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) ; to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as ; to decide on; to choose ; to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) ; to be (in a state, condition, etc.) ; to be worth; to cost ; to pass (of time); to elapse
right?; isn't it?; doesn't it?; don't you?; don't you think? ; hey; say; listen; look; come on ; you know; you see; I must say; I should think ; will you?; please ; so, ...; well, ...; you see, ...; you understand? ; I'm not sure if ...; I have my doubts about whether ...
indicates the subject of a sentence ; indicates possession ; but; however; (and) yet; though; although; while ; and ; used after an introductory remark or explanation ; regardless of ...; whether ... (or not); no matter ... ; indicates a desire or hope ; softens a statement ; indicates doubt ; indicates scorn
a little; a bit; slightly ; just a minute; for a moment; briefly ; somewhat; rather; fairly; pretty; quite ; (not) easily; (not) readily ; hey!; come on; excuse me ; thanks, but no; not feasible; not possible
at (place, time); in; on; during ; to (direction, state); toward; into ; for (purpose) ; because of (reason); for; with ; by; from ; as (i.e. in the role of) ; per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month") ; and; in addition to ; if; although
to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain ; to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be) ; to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of ; to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished ; to change (into); to turn (into); to transform ; to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do) ; to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make ; to play (the part of); to act as ; to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as ; to be promoted
to taper to a point; to become pointed; to become sharp ; to be on edge; to be nervous; to be irritable; to be touchy ; to be sharp (of a voice, words, etc.); to be harsh; to be angry; to look displeased; to look sour ; to be provocative; to be radical; to be rebellious
to restrict; to limit; to confine ; to be restricted to; to be limited to; to be confined to ; to be best (for); to be the best plan; to be the only way (to)
pile; heap; layers (e.g. of clothing); set (e.g. of boxes); course (e.g. of stones) ; counter for things that are stacked, piled up (or layered, etc.) ; layers of clothing worn under one's overcoat ; combination of colors created by layering of garments (colours)
ogre; demon; oni ; spirit of a deceased person ; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.) ; it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.) ; Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions) ; very; extremely; super-
box; case; chest; package; pack; crate ; car (of a train, etc.) ; shamisen case; shamisen ; public building; community building ; man who carries a geisha's shamisen ; receptacle for human waste; feces (faeces) ; counter for boxes (or boxed objects)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry ; to possess; to have; to own ; to maintain; to keep ; to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive ; to take charge of; to be in charge of ; to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.) ; to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since ; from (originator); by ; because; since ; out of (constituent, part) ; through (e.g. window, vestibule) ; after; since ; expresses sympathy or warning
number one; first; first place ; best; most ; game; round; bout ; as a test; as an experiment; by way of experiment; by way of trial; tentatively ; song (e.g. in noh); piece
to kill; to slay; to murder; to slaughter ; to suppress; to block; to hamper; to destroy (e.g. talent); to eliminate (e.g. an odour); to spoil (e.g. a flavour); to kill (e.g. one's speed) ; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back; to stifle (a yawn, laugh, etc.); to hold (one's breath) ; to put out (a runner) ; to pawn; to put in hock
child; kid; teenager; youngster; young (non-adult) person ; (one's) child; offspring ; young woman ; young (animal) ; offshoot ; interest ; new share ; player who is not a dealer ; young geisha; young prostitute ; bird egg
companion; fellow; friend; mate; comrade; partner; colleague; coworker; associate ; group; company; circle; set; gang ; member of the same category (family, class)
to call out (to); to call; to invoke ; to summon (a doctor, etc.) ; to invite ; to designate; to name; to brand ; to garner (support, etc.); to gather ; to take as one's wife
to come near; to let someone approach ; to bring near; to bring together; to collect; to gather ; to deliver (opinion, news, etc.); to send (e.g. a letter); to contribute; to donate ; to let someone drop by ; to add (numbers) ; to have feelings for (love, goodwill, trust, etc.) ; to rely upon for a time; to depend on ; to use as a pretext ; to put aside ; to press; to push; to force
to obey (an order, law, etc.); to abide by (a rule, custom, etc.); to follow; to observe; to conform to; to yield to ; to follow (a person); to accompany; to go with ; to go alongside (e.g. a river); to follow (e.g. a sign) ; to serve (as); to engage in (work)
China ; Chūgoku region (western part of Honshu comprising the prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Tottori and Shimane) ; central part of a country; main region ; province of the second lowest rank (ritsuryō system)