indicates direct object of action ; indicates subject of causative expression ; indicates an area traversed ; indicates time (period) over which action takes place ; indicates point of departure or separation of action ; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; in addition; as well; (not) either (in a negative sentence) ; both A and B; A as well as B; neither A nor B (in a negative sentence) ; even; as much as; as many as; as far as; as long as; no less than; no fewer than ; even if; even though; although; in spite of ; further; more; again; another; the other
fast; quick; rapid; swift; speedy; brisk; prompt ; early; soon; earlier than usual ; premature; too soon; too early ; easy; simple; quick; fast ; as soon as ...; the moment ...; the instant ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to arrive ; to come back; to do ... and come back ; to come to be; to become; to get; to grow; to continue ; to come from; to be caused by; to derive from ; to come to (e.g. "when it comes to spinach ...")
behind; rear ; after; later ; remainder; the rest ; more (e.g. five more minutes); left ; also; in addition ; descendant; successor; heir ; after one's death ; past; previous
to show; to display ; to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ... ; to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining ; to have (something) looked at (by a specialist); to have (an antique, etc.) appraised ; to have (an injury, person, etc.) looked at (by a doctor); to take (someone) to a doctor ; to make a show of (doing); to do in a conspicuous manner; to do in view of others ; to resolve to do; to do at any cost; to show others that one will ...
origin; source; beginning ; basis; base; foundation; root ; cause ; (raw) material; ingredient; base; mix (e.g. for a cake); (soup) stock ; (one's) side ; capital; principal; cost price ; root (of a plant); (tree) trunk ; part (of a brush, chopsticks, etc.) one holds (with the hand) ; first three lines of a waka ; counter for plants or trees
at (place, time); in; on; during ; to (direction, state); toward; into ; for (purpose) ; because of (reason); for; with ; by; from ; as (i.e. in the role of) ; per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month") ; and; in addition to ; if; although
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to come down ; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to disembark; to dismount ; to step down; to retire; to give up; to quit; to fold ; to be granted; to be issued; to be given ; to form (of frost, dew, mist, etc.) ; to be passed (from the body; e.g. of a roundworm)
to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow ; to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized; to be realised; to be found out ; I know!; I think so too!
indicates the subject of a sentence ; indicates possession ; but; however; (and) yet; though; although; while ; and ; used after an introductory remark or explanation ; regardless of ...; whether ... (or not); no matter ... ; indicates a desire or hope ; softens a statement ; indicates doubt ; indicates scorn
to ring; to sound; to chime; to beat; to snort (nose); to snap (fingers); to crack (joints) ; to be popular; to be esteemed; to be reputed ; to state; to insist; to complain ; to fart (loudly)
by no means; never!; well, I never!; you don't say!; certainly (not) ; something unexpected; emergency ; currently; for the time being; presently; for now ; indeed; really; truly; unexpectedly
to stop; to turn off ; to park ; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to hold back (tears); to hold (one's breath); to relieve (pain) ; to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade; to forbid; to prohibit ; to notice; to be aware of; to concentrate on; to pay attention to; to remember; to bear in mind ; to fix (in place); to fasten; to tack; to pin; to nail; to button; to staple ; to detain; to keep in custody
you said; he said; she said; they said ; even if ; do you seriously think that ; I already told you; you should know by now that; of course ; the said ...; said ... ; says that ... ; I hear that ... ; as for the term ... ; as for ...
you said; he said; she said; they said ; even if ; do you seriously think that ; I already told you; you should know by now that; of course ; the said ...; said ... ; says that ... ; I hear that ... ; as for the term ... ; as for ...
there (place relatively near listener) ; there (place just mentioned); that place ; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised) ; you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since ; from (originator); by ; because; since ; out of (constituent, part) ; through (e.g. window, vestibule) ; after; since ; expresses sympathy or warning
to drag; to trail; to pull along the ground; to lug ; to force (someone) along; to drag (along) ; to prolong; to drag out ; to influence; to persuade; to entice; to lure
to take out; to get out ; to put out; to reveal; to show ; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in ; to publish; to make public ; to send (e.g. letter) ; to produce (a sound); to start (fire) ; to serve (food) ; ... out (e.g. to jump out, to carry out) ; to begin ...; to start to ...; to burst into ...
right?; isn't it?; doesn't it?; don't you?; don't you think? ; hey; say; listen; look; come on ; you know; you see; I must say; I should think ; will you?; please ; so, ...; well, ...; you see, ...; you understand? ; I'm not sure if ...; I have my doubts about whether ...
should (be); bound (to be); expected (to be); must (be) ; nock (of a bow) ; nock (of an arrow) ; nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger) ; wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
if; in case; if it is the case that; if it is true that ; as for; on the topic of ; if that's the case; if so; that being the case ; if possible; if circumstances allow
as expected; sure enough; just as one thought ; after all (is said and done); in the end; as one would expect; in any case ; too; also; as well; likewise; (not) either ; still; as before ; all the same; even so; still; nonetheless